High- and low-voltage electrical isolation is achieved through optocouplers, capacitors, and magnetic isolation (Si86xx, ADUM, isolated driver PWM ICs), breaking strong and weak current ground loops.

1. Strong and weak current isolation: 220V AC mains side ↔ low-voltage control board, preventing electric shock and common-mode interference;

2. Driving isolated power transistors: Driving high-voltage MOSFETs in isolated switching power supplies (isolated LED drivers, adapters);

3. Blocking ground loop noise and improving EMC performance;

4. Safety and compliance: Meets safety withstand voltage requirements, suitable for chargers, industrial power supplies, and medical equipment.